A-Level Chemistry Revision
In-depth A-Level Chemistry revision covering every major topic. Detailed explanations, worked examples and exam strategy.
Atomic Orbitals
s, p, d orbitals — electron configuration and sub-shells.
Read guide →Ionisation Energy
Successive ionisation energies, trends across periods and down groups.
Read guide →Electronegativity
Pauling scale, bond polarity, and polar molecules.
Read guide →Intermolecular Forces
London forces, permanent dipoles, hydrogen bonding and their effects on properties.
Read guide →Redox Reactions
Oxidation states, half-equations, and electron transfer in detail.
Read guide →Group 2 Elements
Alkaline earth metals — trends, reactions and thermal decomposition.
Read guide →Group 7 Elements
Halogens — trends, displacement reactions, and halide tests.
Read guide →Transition Metals
Variable oxidation states, coloured ions, catalysis and complex ions.
Read guide →Reaction Kinetics
Rate equations, orders of reaction, Arrhenius equation and mechanisms.
Read guide →Equilibria
Kc, Kp, Le Chatelier's principle and industrial applications.
Read guide →Acids & Bases in Detail
pH calculations, buffers, Ka, titration curves and indicators.
Read guide →Enthalpy
Hess's law, Born-Haber cycles, mean bond enthalpies and lattice enthalpy.
Read guide →Entropy
Entropy changes, Gibbs free energy and feasibility of reactions.
Read guide →Electrode Potentials
Standard electrode potentials, electrochemical cells and feasibility.
Read guide →Organic Mechanisms
Nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic addition, elimination and free radical.
Read guide →Alkenes
Electrophilic addition, polymerisation, and testing for unsaturation.
Read guide →Alcohols
Classification, oxidation, dehydration and esterification.
Read guide →Carbonyls
Aldehydes and ketones — nucleophilic addition, testing and reduction.
Read guide →Carboxylic Acids
Properties, reactions, esters and the role of acyl chlorides.
Read guide →Amines
Preparation, basicity, reactions and formation of diazonium salts.
Read guide →Amino Acids
Structure, zwitterions, peptide bonds and protein structure.
Read guide →Polymers in Detail
Condensation polymers, polyesters, polyamides, biodegradability.
Read guide →Spectroscopy & NMR
IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, NMR and structure determination.
Read guide →Mass Spectrometry
How mass spec works, fragmentation patterns and molecular ion peaks.
Read guide →Chromatography
TLC, column chromatography, gas chromatography and Rf values.
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